Dental age estimation by assessing the pulp volume of five teeth in a peruvian population using cone beam computed tomography images / Estimación de la edad dental evaluando el volumen pulpar de cinco dientes utilizando imágenes de tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico en una población peruana

Abstract Dental age estimation is very important for individual identification in criminal and civil forensic investigations. One of the methods for age estimation is studying age related changes in pulp volume of teeth. The objective of the current study was to estimate dental age from the pulp volume of five different categories of teeth of a Peruvian sample using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Retrospective CBCT records of 231 patients (females (134), males (97), age: 12-60 years) were included in the study, categorized into five different age groups (12-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60 years and older). Dental pulp volume of five categories of teeth(upper canines, left upper central incisors, left upper first molars, lower left first premolars, first molars) were analyzed using Romexis® 5.3.3.5 software for each patient. There was a reduction in the pulp volume of upper right and left canine with age. The Pulp volume was lowest in people aged 60 years and over. Linear regression analysis of the pulp volume and chronological age showed a coefficient of determination of 30%, suggesting a weak correlation. A weak correlation between dental pulp and age is derived. But, a robust large homogenous sample of teeth in future for different age groups may establish a reliable regression equation.

Resumen La estimación de la edad dental en personas vivas y cadáveres es muy importante para la Odontología Forense, sobre todo en casos de identificación en investigaciones legales y sociales. El objetivo del estudio fue estimación de la edad dental mediante la medición del volumen pulpar de imágenes dentales en tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (TCHC) de pacientes peruanos. Fueron analizadas 231 TCHC de pacientes entre 12 a 60 años a más. (Mujeres (134), hombres (97)) se dividieron en seis grupos de edad (12-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60 años a más). El análisis volumétrico de la pulpa dental se realizó en un total de 1155 dientes (caninos superiores, incisivos centrales superiores izquierdos, primeros molares superiores izquierdos y primeros premolares inferiores izquierdos), mediante el software Romexis® 5.3.3.5. El análisis de regresión lineal mostró un coeficiente de determinación del 30% que sugiere una correlación débil entre la relación del volumen pulpar de los dientes y la edad. El volumen pulpar de los caninos superiores derecho e izquierdo disminuyó a medida que aumentaba la edad y el volumen pulpar en dientes de personas de 60 años a más fue el más bajo. Sin embargo, se pueden proponer estudios futuros para incluir una gran muestra homogénea de dientes en diferentes categorías y grupos de edad para confirmar la correlación y establecer una ecuación de regresión confiable.

Estimation of dental age using the kvaal method with digital panoramic radiographs in peruvian adults / Estimación de la edad dental según el método de Kvaal con radiografías panorámicas digitales en adultos peruanos

To determine the accuracy of the Kvaal method in the estimation of dental age through the analysis of digital panoramic radiographs of patients between 20 and 47 years of age who attended the stomatological clinic of the Universidad Científica del Sur, (2018 to 2019), Lima-Perú. 289 digital panoramic radiographs belonging to individuals of both sexes, aged 20 to 47 years were analyzed. Length and width measurements were obtained in the dental and pulp chamber in the upper central incisors. These data were subsequently evaluated by calculating the proportions between the pulp and root length of the upper central incisor by applying the formula of the method of Kvaal et al. to obtain the accuracy of the method in estimating dental age. Applying the formula of Kvaal et al. indicates that the relationship between the width of the pulp and the length of the root has a higher level of significance in relation to others proportions: M mean value of all ratios except T (-0.659) and W-L difference between W and L (-0.643). The coefficient of determination (r²) and standard error of estimation (SEE) using the original Kvaal formula is r²: 0.70, SEE: 4.90 years, then a modified Kvaal formula was proposed for the Peruvian population. The Method of Kvaal et al. has an accuracy of 1.24 in estimating the dental age of individuals, using the upper central incisor in digital panoramic radiographs.

Determinar la precisión del método de Kvaal en la estimación de la edad dental mediante el análisis de radiografías panorámicas digitales de pacientes entre 20 a 47 años atendidos en la clínica estomatológica de la Universidad Científica del Sur, (2018 a 2019), Lima-Perú. Se analizaron 289 radiografías panorámicas digitales pertenecientes a individuos de ambos sexos, de 20 a 47 años. Se obtuvo medidas de longitud y anchura en la cámara dental y pulpar en los incisivos centrales superiores. Estos datos se valoraron posteriormente al calcular las proporciones entre la pulpa y longitud de la raíz del incisivo central superior aplicando la fórmula del método de Kvaal et al. para obtener la precisión del método en la estimación de la edad dental. Al aplicar la fórmula de Kvaal et al. indica que la relación entre la anchura de pulpa y la longitud de la raíz presentan un nivel de significancia mayor en relación a otras proporciones: M valor medio de todas las proporciones excepto T (-0.659) y W-L: diferencia entre los valores de W y L (-0.643). El coeficiente de determinación (r²) y el error estándar de la estimación (SEE) utilizando la fórmula original de Kvaal es de r²: 0.70, SEE: 4.90 años, después se propuso una fórmula modificada de Kvaal para la población peruana. El Método de Kvaal et al. tiene una precisión del 1.24 en la estimación de la edad dental de los individuos, utilizando el incisivo central superior en radiografías panorámicas digitales.

Dimensão da polpa dentária como biomarcador para a estimativa da idade em adultos: revisão de literatura / Dimension of dental pulp as a biomarker for estimating the age of adults: literature review

A estimativa de idade por meio de análise dentária é comprovada e está consolidada na literatura. O padrão de desenvolvimento do dente e a erupção dentária são indicadores fidedignos para determinar a idade de indivíduos jovens com até 16 anos. No entanto, com a dentição permanente estabelecida, a idade cronológica apenas pode ser presumida com base nas mudanças fisiológicas. O estreitamento da cavidade pulpar provocado pela deposição de dentina secundária ao longo da vida em todas as paredes pulpares tem sido aceito como biomarcador confiável para estimar a idade em adultos. O presente estudo constitui uma revisão de literatura que reúne dados sobre os métodos de estimativa de idade baseados nas dimensões da polpa dentária de adultos. O objetivo é fornecer embasamento científico para o desenho de um estudo que utilizará exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico para propor um modelo de estimativa de idade dentária específico para a população brasileira.

The age estimation through dental analysis is widely proved and consolidated in the literature. Dental eruption and tooth development are reliable indicators to estimate the age of young individuals up to 16 years of age. Although having an established permanent dentition, the chronological age can only be established with physiological changes. The narrowing of the pulp cavity, through life sedimentations of secondary dentin on all pulp walls, has been accepted as a reliable biomarker to estimate age in adults. This study presents a literature review of age determination methods through dental pulp dimensions in adults. The objective is to provide scientific background for further researches regarding the usage of cone-beam computed tomography scans to propose a dental age estimation model specific to the Brazilian population.

Microestrutura da dentina observada sob diferentes condições clínicas empregando-se microscopia eletrônica e EDS / SEM/BSE and EDS analysis of dentin microstructure and composition

A proposta deste trabalho foi analisar qualitativa e semiquantitativamente, em M.E.V. - Técnica Convencional, por Retroespalhamento de Elétrons (BSE) e por Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Raios-X (E.D.S.) - a microestrutura dentinária de dentes em diferentes condições clínicas. Formaram-se 7 grupos, com 5 dentes cada grupo: I- inclusos jovens (IJ); II- hígidos jovens (HJ); III- hígidos adultos (HA); IV- com lesão cariosa oclusal (LCO); V- com lesão cariosa cervical (LCC); VI- com exposição radicular (ER) e VII- com lesão cervical não cariosa (LCNC). Após as extrações, os dentes foram imediatamente fixados em Karnovsky. As porções radiculares e o esmalte coronário foram seccionados, preservando-se o terço cervical dos dentes. Os espécimes dentários foram divididos em duas metades, ambas contendo as superfícies vestibulares quanto as linguais, totalizando 70 espécimes. Cuidado especial foi tomado nos grupos com LCO, LCC e LCNC, garantindo que as lesões fizessem parte de suas duas secções. A análise morfológica foi realizada sobre área de dentina fraturada, em três regiões: próximo à superfície externa, no terço médio e próximo à polpa. Os espécimes foram desidratados em concentração ascendente de etanol e secados em ponto crítico. Metade dos espécimes foi metalizada com ouro, para análise em M.E.V., e a metade homóloga com carbono, para observação em E.D.S. e BSE. Os grupos IJ e HJ não mostraram alterações morfológicas, tanto na lingual quanto na vestibular. As dentinas peritubular e intertubular e os prolongamentos odontoblásticos (POs) estavam evidentes por toda a extensão dentinária, assim como fibrilas de colágeno margeando toda a superfície interna dos túbulos dentinários (TDs), muitas vezes lembrando a lâmina limitans (LL). Os grupos LCC e LCO mostraram grande quantidade de cristais e estruturas tubuliformes (ETfs) na dentina abaixo das lesões, além das demais estruturas vistas no grupos anteriores. A face lingual das LCCs mostrou-se ausência de estruturas...

The purpose of this study was to analyze, qualitatively and semiquantitavely, with SEM, BSE and EDS, the dentin microstructure in teeth with different clinical conditions. The teeth were divided in 7 groups (n=5 each one): I- Young non erupted teeth (YNET), II- Young sound teeth (YST), III- Old sound teeth (OST), IV- Occlusal carious lesion (OCL), V- Cervical carious lesion (CCL), VI- Root exposure (RE) and VII- Non carious cervical lesion (NCCL). After extraction the teeth were immediately fixed in Karnovsky. Crows and root were cut off in such a way to preserve the cervical third for the purposes of this investigation. The cervical specimens were fractured in two halves, both containing the lingual and buccal cervical surfaces, totaling 70 specimens. Special care was taken with OCL, CCL and NCCL groups during the fracture to ensure that both fragments enclosed part of their respective lesions. The morphological analysis was performed on the fractured dentin surfaces of both fragments, in three regions: near the external surface, on the middle third and near the pulp chamber. The specimens were dehydrated in ascending series of ethanol concentrations and critical point dried. Half of the specimens were gold sputtered for SEM analysis and the homologous half carbon coated for BSE and EDS observation. The YNET and YST groups showed no morphological changes in both buccal and lingual surfaces. The PD and ID and the OPs were evident throughout the dentin extension. The collagen fibrils were observed layering the walls of dentin tubules in their entire length, resembling the LL. The CCL and OCL groups showed a great amount of Crs and TSs, together with the other same features seen in the previous groups. The lingual surface of the CCL was distinct from the buccal surface and the OPs were limited to the third near the pulp on both surfaces. The RE group did not reveal intratubular structures (ITS). However, on the same group, the diameter of the dentin tubules...

Evaluación in vitro de un material experimental a base de papaya 2r2m1 a diferentes concentraciones para remoción quimico-mecanica de dentina infectada / In vitro evaluation of an experimental material based on papaya 2r2m1 at different concentrations for chemical-mechanical removal of infected dentin

La presente investigación evaluó, en un estudio in vitro, la eliminación química-mecánica de caries dentinaria, utilizando un producto experimental (2R2M1) a diferentes concentraciones. Para verificar el grado de remoción de dentina infectada de cada concentración se formaron 4 grupos, a cada grupo se asignaron 10 piezas molares permanentes con menos de 12 horas de haberse extraído. Las piezas se asignaron aleatoriamente a cada grupo, quedando de la siguiente manera: Grupo 1= 1%, Grupo 2= 2%, Grupo 3= 3% y Grupo 4= Remoción de dentina cariada con cucharilla (grupo control). Se aplicó el material por 2 minutos, se removió con cucharilla sin filo, de ser necesario se aplicaba una segunda y hasta una tercera vez. El grado de remoción se evaluó táctil y visualmente. Se utilizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y el test de Tukey como pruebas estadísticas; se demostró diferencias significativas entre el grupo 2 y 3 con el grupo control, mostrando en ambos casos diferencias de medias arriba del 0.5. Con los resultados obtenidos se concluyó que el material experimental remueve dentina infectada y da mejores resultados que con la técnica convencional. Además el material experimental en concentraciones al 2% y 3% es más eficaz que al 1% y que el método tradicional de corte de dentina cariada con cucharilla.

The present investigation evaluated, in an in vitro study, the chemical-mechanical removal of dental caries, using an experimental product (2R2M1) at different concentrations. To verify the degree of removal of infected dentin from each concentration, 4 groups were formed, each group was assigned 10 permanent molar pieces less than 12 hours after being extracted. The pieces were randomly assigned to each group, remaining as follows: Group 1 = 1%, Group 2 = 2%, Group 3 = 3% and Group 4 = Removal of carious dentin with a spoon (control group). The material was applied for 2 minutes, it was stirred with a dull spoon, if necessary a second and even a third time was applied. The degree of removal was evaluated tactilely and visually. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test were used as statistical tests; Significant differences were demonstrated between groups 2 and 3 with the control group, showing mean differences above 0.5 in both cases. With the results obtained, it was concluded that the experimental material removes infected dentin and gives better results than with the conventional technique. In addition, the experimental material in concentrations of 2% and 3% is more effective than 1% and than the traditional method of cutting carious dentin with a spoon.

Microestrutura da dentina observada sob diferentes condições clínicas empregando-se microscopia eletrônica e EDS / SEM/BSE and EDS analysis of dentin microstructure and composition

A proposta deste trabalho foi analisar qualitativa e semiquantitativamente, em M.E.V. - Técnica Convencional, por Retroespalhamento de Elétrons (BSE) e por Espectroscopia de Dispersão de Raios-X (E.D.S.) - a microestrutura dentinária de dentes em diferentes condições clínicas. Formaram-se 7 grupos, com 5 dentes cada grupo: I- inclusos jovens (IJ); II- hígidos jovens (HJ); III- hígidos adultos (HA); IV- com lesão cariosa oclusal (LCO); V- com lesão cariosa cervical (LCC); VI- com exposição radicular (ER) e VII- com lesão cervical não cariosa (LCNC). Após as extrações, os dentes foram imediatamente fixados em Karnovsky. As porções radiculares e o esmalte coronário foram seccionados, preservando-se o terço cervical dos dentes. Os espécimes dentários foram divididos em duas metades, ambas contendo as superfícies vestibulares quanto as linguais, totalizando 70 espécimes. Cuidado especial foi tomado nos grupos com LCO, LCC e LCNC, garantindo que as lesões fizessem parte de suas duas secções. A análise morfológica foi realizada sobre área de dentina fraturada, em três regiões: próximo à superfície externa, no terço médio e próximo à polpa. Os espécimes foram desidratados em concentração ascendente de etanol e secados em ponto crítico. Metade dos espécimes foi metalizada com ouro, para análise em M.E.V., e a metade homóloga com carbono, para observação em E.D.S. e BSE. Os grupos IJ e HJ não mostraram alterações morfológicas, tanto na lingual quanto na vestibular. As dentinas peritubular e intertubular e os prolongamentos odontoblásticos (POs) estavam evidentes por toda a extensão dentinária, assim como fibrilas de colágeno margeando toda a superfície interna dos túbulos dentinários (TDs), muitas vezes lembrando a lâmina limitans (LL). Os grupos LCC e LCO mostraram grande quantidade de cristais e estruturas tubuliformes (ETfs) na dentina abaixo das lesões, além das demais estruturas vistas no grupos anteriores. A face lingual das LCCs mostrou-se ausência de estruturas...

The purpose of this study was to analyze, qualitatively and semiquantitavely, with SEM, BSE and EDS, the dentin microstructure in teeth with different clinical conditions. The teeth were divided in 7 groups (n=5 each one): I- Young non erupted teeth (YNET), II- Young sound teeth (YST), III- Old sound teeth (OST), IV- Occlusal carious lesion (OCL), V- Cervical carious lesion (CCL), VI- Root exposure (RE) and VII- Non carious cervical lesion (NCCL). After extraction the teeth were immediately fixed in Karnovsky. Crows and root were cut off in such a way to preserve the cervical third for the purposes of this investigation. The cervical specimens were fractured in two halves, both containing the lingual and buccal cervical surfaces, totaling 70 specimens. Special care was taken with OCL, CCL and NCCL groups during the fracture to ensure that both fragments enclosed part of their respective lesions. The morphological analysis was performed on the fractured dentin surfaces of both fragments, in three regions: near the external surface, on the middle third and near the pulp chamber. The specimens were dehydrated in ascending series of ethanol concentrations and critical point dried. Half of the specimens were gold sputtered for SEM analysis and the homologous half carbon coated for BSE and EDS observation. The YNET and YST groups showed no morphological changes in both buccal and lingual surfaces. The PD and ID and the OPs were evident throughout the dentin extension. The collagen fibrils were observed layering the walls of dentin tubules in their entire length, resembling the LL. The CCL and OCL groups showed a great amount of Crs and TSs, together with the other same features seen in the previous groups. The lingual surface of the CCL was distinct from the buccal surface and the OPs were limited to the third near the pulp on both surfaces. The RE group did not reveal intratubular structures (ITS). However, on the same group, the diameter of the dentin tubules...

Estimación de la edad por aposición de dentina secundaria en una muestra de la población de Bogotá entre 21 y 50 años de edad / Age estimation through secondary dentine apposition in a sample population between 21-50 years of age from Bogotá, Colombia

Antecedentes: La aposición de dentina secundaria se ha propuesto como un indicador biológico en diversos métodos de estimación de edad en identificación humana. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la aposición de dentina secundaria y la edad cronológica de una muestra de población adulta de Bogotá, con el objeto de ajustar un modelo matemático para estimar la edad en adultos, con fines de identificación forense. Métodos: El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo correlacional. La muestra de estudio consistió en 107 individuos (49 hombres, 58 mujeres) con edades conocidas entre 21 y 50 años, a quienes se les tomó una radiografía periapical digital de incisivos centrales superiores para analizar métricamente la cámara y el conducto radicular, utilizando el programa Scion Image, versión Beta 4.0.2. Resultados: El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson más alto fue el de proporción b/B (-0,59), seguido de las mediciones simple b y c, cuyos coeficientes fueron -0,56 y -0,43, respectivamente. Los modelos matemáticos mostraron un margen de error de 7,1 años. Conclusiones: Existe una relación inversa entre la aposición de dentina secundaria con la edad. Las mediciones realizadas a nivel radicular y los anchos mostraron mayor correlación con edad. El primer modelo matemático fue: Edad=56,07?140,61b/B con R2=0,36. El segundo modelo con mediciones simples fue: Edad=38,72?26,35b+5,52B?0,72 LTP con un R2=0,38. Este método de estimación de edad en adultos no requiere cortes histológicos, lo que permite aplicarlo en individuos vivos y muestras arqueológicas.

Background: Secondary dentine apposition has been used as a biological indicator in multiple methods for age estimation in human identification. Aim: Determine the correlation between secondary dentine apposition and chronological age in a sample of population from Bogotá aged 21-50 years and develop a multiple linear regression model, which could be used to estimate biological age of adults for forensic identification purposes. Methods: This study was correlational descriptive. The sample consisted of 107 individuals (49 men, 58 women) aged between 20 and 51 years. Periapical radiographs of upper incisors were used to carry out metric analysis of pulpar camera and root conduct. Results: Pearson´s correlation coefficient between age and ratio b/B was -0.59 and for b and c they were -0.56 y -0.43 respectively. The multiple regression analysis showed a mean error of 7.1 years. Conclusions: Correlation betweeen secondary dentine apposition and age was negative. Measurements on root and width were better indicators of age. First formulae was Age=56.07–140.61b/B and R2=0.36. Second model with simple measurements was: Age=38.72–26,35b+5.52B–0.72 LTP and R2=0.38. This method for age estimation in adults does not require histological sections and can be used in living individuals and archeological samples.

Remoción de Enterococcus faecalis después de preparación rotatoria e irrigación con hipoclorito de sodio al 5 por ciento y gluconato de clorhexidina al 2 por ciento con/sin EDTA al 1.7 por ciento / Enterococcus faecalis removal after rotary canal instrumentation and irrigation with 5 percent sodium hypochlorite and 2 percent chlorhexidine gluconate with/without 1.7 percent EDTA

Antecedentes: El Enterococcus faecalis es el microorganismo más relacionado con fracasos endodónticos e infecciones endodónticas recurrentes. Puede sobrevivir, colonizar los túbulos y reinfectar el canal radicular, pues persiste después de la preparación, irrigación e incluso obturación. Objetivo: Comparar la efectividad en la remoción de Enterococcus faecalis con hipoclorito de sodio al 5% y gluconato de clorhexidina al 2% como sustancias irrigadoras con ácido edético (EDTA) al 1,7% y sin ésta, como sustancia quelante. Métodos: Estudio experimental in vitro en el que se realizó una preparación biomecánica rotatoria a 30 premolares extraídos que fueron posteriormente sembrados en agar BHI con las cuatro combinaciones y un grupo control (solución salina). Se midió el crecimiento de E. faecalis por conteo de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC). Resultados: Se observaron incontables UFC en todas las muestras del grupo control. También mayor cantidad de UFC en los grupos 3 (hipoclorito de sodio al 5% + EDTA al 1,7%) y 4 (gluconato de clorhexidina al 2% + EDTA al 1,7%). Ninguna de las sustancias irrigadoras solas o combinadas con el quelante removió completamente el E. faecalis. Conclusiones: El uso de EDTA al 1,7% disminuyó la efectividad de las sustancias irrigadoras en la remoción del microorganismo. Ambos, hipoclorito de sodio y gluconato de clorhexidina, fueron relativamente efectivos en la remoción de E. faecalis.

Background: Enterococcus faecalis is the oral microorganism that is most related to failure of endodontic therapy and apical recurring infections. It can survive, colonize tubules and reinfect the root canal because it persists after preparation, irrigation and even obturation. Objective: Compare the effectiveness of irrigants 5% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate with or without the use of 1.7% EDTA as chelate. Methods: This was an in vitro experimental study in which 30 extracted premolar roots were prepared with rotary instruments. Each specimen was irrigated with one of the combinations of substances and cultured in BHI agar. A fourth group consisted of a control with saline solution. E. faecalis growth was measured through counting CFUs. Results: Uncountable CFUs were observed in all samples of the control group. There was a higher amount of CFUs in groups 3 (5% NaOCl + 1.7% EDTA) and 4 (2% Chlorhexidine gluconate + 1.7 EDTA). None of the irrigants with or without chelate completely removed E. faecalis. Conclusions: The use of 1.7 EDTA decreased the effectiveness of the irrigating substances in the removal of the microorganism. Both, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate were relatively effective removing E. faecalis.